Aikido: Aikido is essentially a modern manifestation of traditional Japanese martial arts (Budo), derived from a synthesis of body, sword, and staff arts. Its primary emphasis is defensive, utilizing techniques of neutralization through leverage, timing, balance, and joint control. There is no emphasis on strikes or kicks as one is trained to blend and evade rather than conflict. Beginners will practice ukemi (falling), body movement, conditioning, and several basic techniques. 5-College students will be graded pass/fail.

Intermediate/Advanced Yoga: A more advanced practice for experienced yoga students. Practice will include more challenging asana and sequences, pranayama, meditation and philosophy. Previous experience required. Five College students will be graded pass/fail.

Gentle Yoga Flow: A flowing progression of yoga postures that align movement with breath. This class build on fundamentals. All levels are welcome. Five College students will be graded pass/fail.

Restorative Yoga: Rest and rejuvenate through yoga, relaxation and meditation techniques. Five College students will be graded pass/fail.

Foundations in Yoga: An introduction to the yoga practice, including asana (physical practice), pranayama (breathing exercises), relaxation and philosophy. Five College students will be graded pass/fail.

Advanced Shotokan Karate: We have only a finite period of time in life to practice what we love. How will you spend that time before it is too late? This class is an immediate follow-up to Intermediate Shotokan Karate 0102 where students with two or more consecutive semesters of training are invited to come polish their favorite kata, work on torite (escaping techniques), or practice other applications of advanced movements. Students may re-enroll in this section each semester for continuous practice. Pre-requisite is completion of OPRA-0102. 5-College students will be graded pass/fail.

Intermediate Shotokan Karate: Material learned in OPRA-0101 will be expanded and include more combinations of techniques; greater freedom in sparring; and more complicated kata. Students will be trained for voluntary participation in the semi-annual Kyu Test at the end of each semester. (Only practitioners with membership to the national organization of SKA will receive formal rank or promotion). Special practices focusing on endurance and practical forms of self-defense will also be featured at the end of the semester.

Beginning Shotokan Karate: Shotokan Karate began as an unarmed form of self-defense for civilians native to the Ryukyu island chain off the southern coast of Japan: Okinawa. During the forceful annexation of Okinawa to the main island of Japan in the late 19th century, any individual with a working knowledge of hand-to-hand combat was considered a threat to the Japanese military incursions. Training and practice of karate had to be held in secret and at night.

As recently as 250 years ago the world had a roughly equal level of development. Today, the richest country in the world has an average income level around 400 times that of the poorest. What are the reasons behind this divergence? How have the 'poor' countries attempted to reverse the gap and how have these attempts transformed societies within those countries? The course examines these general themes and consists of two components: First, we will survey contemporary debates in development economics, including such topics as development ethics (e.g. what is development?

This course is an introduction to the global economy. We will focus on the main forces shaping international trade and economic exchange between countries, and how global economic policies are formulated. In addition we will examine the World Bank, International Monetary Fund, and the World Trade Organization. We will trace their trajectory starting with the Bretton Woods conference in 1944 until today. Some questions we will consider: what were the original functions of these institutions and have they changed over time?