What are the origins of violence? What counts as violence: outright bloodshed, or more subtle forms of coercion and domination as well? This course extends the definition of violence beyond conventional military engagements, and discusses 'Indian War' captivities, Native slavery, ritual torture, persecution of Quakers and witches, and the mass-scale deaths and dislocations caused by the transatlantic slave trade. The course concludes with the American Revolution and moral arguments for the just use of force, and an assessment of the complexities of waging peace.

Victor Hugo's celebrated novel, Les Misrables (1862), will set the themes for this lecture and discussion course on the history of France from 1789 to 1900. Topics will include revolts and revolutions; nationalism and nation building; urbanization and the social problems of poverty, disease, and crime; romanticism, socialism, and republicanism; the rise of the newspaper and print imagery. Particular attention will be given to the representation of history in literature, print images, and films. In addition to Hugo's Les Misrables, readings will include novels by Honor Balzac and Georges Sand.

How have Africans organized education? Who had access, and what did they learn? We explore the nineteenth and twentieth century transformation of African systems of education, including the significant involvement of African American educational reformers. A focus of the course will be developing the capacity to carry out historical research with written and oral sources. Our topics will include approaches to archival research, ethical research design, and strategies for participant-observation and interviewing.

The main objective of this course is to explore organismal structure and function via an examination of the basic physical principles that guide how living things are constructed and how organisms interact with their environment.

The performance of many engineered devices is dependent on macroscopic factors (pressure, temperature, flow, conductivity). As a result, engineers often model devices macroscopically considering atomistic level details only through fixed parameters. These parameters do not always capture the full atomistic level picture. More accurate multi-scale approaches for modeling macroscopic properties use basic atomistic level chemistry at key points in larger scale simulations. This course is an introduction to such approaches focusing on fuel cells as a concrete example.