This course surveys the major trends in European painting and sculpture-including some urbanism and visual culture-of the tumultuous century following the French Revolution of 1789. Starting with Jacques-Louis David and revolutionary iconoclasm, we end with Post-Impressionism and the spectacular cast-iron construction of the Eiffel Tower for the 1889 Paris World's Fair.

The reawakening of the arts in Italy with the formation of new religious organizations and the gradual emergence of political units are studied through theoretical and stylistic considerations in sculpture, beginning with the work of the Pisani, and followed by the revolutionary achievements in painting of Giotto (in Padua and Florence) and Duccio (in Siena) which informs the art of generations to come.

This course explores many different aspects of life in the cities and sanctuaries of the ancient Near East, Egypt, Greece, Etruria and Rome. Recurrent themes include urbanism, landscapes and patterns of worship, including initiation, sacrifice and pilgrimage. We probe how modern notions of the secular and the sacred influence interpretation and how sometimes the seemingly most anomalous features of the worship of Isis or of the juxtaposition of commercial and domestic space within a city can potentially prove to be the most revealing about life in another place and time. Group A

Topics course. Since the 1950s rock 'n' roll and other forms of youth-oriented popular music in the U.S. have embodied rebellion. Yet the rebellion that rock and other popular music styles like rap have offered has often been more available to men than women.

Topics course. Language policies have emerged as a particularly contentious space in which national and minority groups express their sense of collective identity and rights. Demanding respect for minority languages, and promoting their use in daily life or mass media, becomes especially important in cases where language loss is associated with forced cultural assimilation or different forms of discrimination. In this seminar, each student develops a case study of language rights issues based on a particular language or language group.

This course explores the roles, representations and experiences of women in 20th-century China and Vietnam in the context of the modernization projects of these countries. Through ethnographic and historical readings, film and discussion, this course examines how issues pertaining to women and gender relations have been highlighted in political, economic and cultural institutions. The course compares the ways that Asian women have experienced these processes through three major topics: war and revolution, the gendered aspects of work and women in relation to the family.

Admission for majors by permission of the department.

Special requirements apply.

Admission by permission of the program, normally for juniors and seniors.

By permission of the department.