Debates today rage about whether democracy is really possible in powerful authoritarian countries like China, in the oil-producing states of the Middle East, in the poorest countries of Africa, and even in wealthy but unequal societies like the United States. This course asks whether there are in fact economic, or associational preconditions for (or impediments to) the establishment or maintenance of democracy. This question is at the heart of one of today?s great political debates. It is also at the center of major methodological debates within the social sciences.