This course engages the centuries-old debate about music?s ability to communicate, and investigates the types of evidence available to this discourse. We will look into the various ways scholars have argued for and against music?s connection to language, ranging from the philosophical to the neurological. We begin with a historical review of the topic, considering the viewpoints of philosophers such as Rousseau, Nietzsche, and Hegel as well as composers such as Wagner and Bernstein, focusing on the sorts of evidence they use to make their arguments.